Biometric authentication refers to methods of using biology like fingerprints, eyes, voice, and even facial features to confirm the identity of individuals.
Biometrics are more reliable than traditional password use for authentication because they directly verify your identity through inherent biological features. In comparison, passwords can be easily compromised by password theft techniques such as keylogging or phishing.
In today鈥檚 world, the most common biometrics used for authentication include fingerprints, facial recognition, or retina scans. However, there are many different biological mechanisms that can be used to help authenticate access to systems, services, and networks.
If you’ve ever had to remember an account number, password, PIN, or answer a security question, then you know what it feels like to authenticate your identity electronically. Biometric authentication strives to make this process faster, smoother, and more secure by utilizing two-factor authentication (2FA).
What Is Two-Factor Authentication?
There are three distinct methods to authenticate one’s identity:
- Using an item in your possession. Examples include your passport, phone, or even your car key.
- Using secret knowledge that only you know, such as a PIN code or password.
- Using something inherent only to you, like your voice, face, or fingerprint. This is biometric authentication and considered the most secure method.
Two-factor authentication is a process in which you have to prove your identity with two authentication methods instead of one. An example of this is validating your account with a text message to your phone after you’ve already logged in with your credentials.
When you input your username and password, which are known as the 鈥渇irst factor,鈥� the 鈥渟econd factor鈥� kicks in. 2FA may be used to verify your identity by demanding an extra piece of information, which adds another layer of security.
Biometric 2FA
Biometric 2FA is becoming an increasingly popular way to verify your identity. Many of the world’s largest companies are adopting some form of biometric 2FA, including Facebook, Twitter, Google, Apple, and Microsoft.
Biometric authentication uses various characteristics of a person to create a template used to recognize them, called a 鈥渂iometric key.鈥� This key is unique for every individual on Earth, making it highly reliable in proving someone’s identity.
Types of Biometric Authentication
There are many types of biometric authentication you can use for different purposes, each with their own strengths and weaknesses.
Fingerprint Authentication
One of the most common forms of biometric authentication is fingerprint scanning. This method uses a small touchpad device to read the unique patterns on someone’s fingerprint and match them against a digital copy already on file. It’s fast, efficient, and highly accurate 鈥� but not without its flaws.
Voice Authentication
Another kind of biometric authentication is voice recognition, which matches unique qualities from the sound waves in your voice against an existing digital recording. One advantage is that it鈥檚 simple to use, but its main drawback is that it could be difficult to implement in public settings.
Retina or Iris Recognition
The unique pattern of someone’s iris or retina is used in retinal or iris recognition to identify them. It鈥檚 one of the most accurate biometric authentication systems available. However, it is more difficult to implement because an eye scan requires the use of an infrared light source and other specialized equipment to guarantee accuracy. As a result, it’s typically only employed in extremely secure locations.
Facial Recognition
Facial recognition systems are based around the idea of using mathematical algorithms to create a unique numerical code for each person. This code is then matched against an existing dataset. It’s best used with still images, but it can also detect traits like gender or emotions based on the way people move their faces.
Vein Recognition
Vein recognition, one of today’s most cutting-edge biometric verification systems, is extremely precise (more so than the retina/iris). It relies on the unique pattern of blood vessels in a person’s finger or hand to identify them. Using infrared light, it charts the veins beneath the skin.
Gait Recognition
The way someone walks may also be used to identify them. The way one foot precedes the other is a useful technique for identifying individuals because each person’s gait is unique. Gait recognition (and similar technologies like it) will become more popular in the future as new authentication methods gain traction.
Pros of Biometric Authentication
The primary benefits of biometric authentication are:
- Improved security over passwords.
- Difficult to counterfeit or hack.
- Convenient for end-users.
Biometrics are a tremendous improvement over using passwords alone for authentication. Passwords are quite simple to hack. Biometrics are an appealing alternative because they are far more difficult to obtain or counterfeit, particularly when a multimodal biometric authentication system is in place 鈥� i.e., a system that requires more than one type of biometric factor for authentication.
A major reason for biometric identification鈥檚 appeal and increased adoption is the convenience for end-users. There’s no need to remember a complicated password or change it every few months. Simply put your finger on a keypad or look into an eye scanner, and you’re in.
Cons of Biometric Authentication
The primary disadvantages of biometric authentication are:
- Compromised biometric factors are unusable.
- Can be expensive to securely implement at scale.
- Raises ethical concerns, such as privacy and bias.
Despite their obvious advantages over passwords and PIN codes regarding security, biometrics are not foolproof. Many smartphone fingerprint sensors, for example, make use of partial matches. Researchers have discovered that matches bits from many people and provides access to a wide range of user accounts.
Fingerprints, face scans, iris scans, and voice analysis are all vulnerable to various kinds of hacking or deception that might expose your account information. Furthermore, biometric data is unchangeable. As a result, if businesses want to use it to secure critical systems, locations, or information, they must be extremely cautious when handling that data because if stolen, it’s compromised forever.
This stringent need for robust security can be a cost barrier for many small to midsize enterprises (SMEs) looking to implement biometrics. A potential solution is to layer biometrics into existing 2FA approaches, so they are not standing alone as the only authentication factor. You can find a more detailed analysis of the pros and cons of using biometrics for 2FA in Biometric Authentication Pros and Cons.
Can Biometrics Be Hacked?
Hackers have found ways to get around biometric authentication using our own biological makeup against us. A recent shows that hackers can use high-resolution images to recreate fingerprints with an accuracy rate of over 80%. Databases containing biometric identifiers are stored in many different places, but sadly these databases aren’t always as secure as we’d like.
If a hacker gains access to these databases, they can download images of people’s faces or fingerprints and use them to gain access to accounts. If this happened to multiple databases or even one large database, the effects would be devastating. Millions of people鈥檚 personal information is compromised every year due to breaches and attacks 鈥� if their biometric data was also included in this, the situation would be grave.
Besides, while this might all seem to be something that stems from the realm of a Mission Impossible film, it’s important to realize that biometric identifiers aren鈥檛 by themselves infallible. Fingerprints can be stolen with latex gloves and hackers have been able to break into laptop computer cameras using synthetic masks.
Hacking methods can be very sophisticated and difficult to detect, but biometric authentication alone is a fairly weak point in the login process. Hackers have been able to use fake fingerprints or even just high-resolution photos of people鈥檚 fingers that they lifted from items they handled. Another group of hackers was even able to produce realistic 3D replicas of people鈥檚 faces using publicly available information.
Just like using traditional passwords to allow access to your organizational resources, the security of biometric authentication used alone is lacking. However, when used with other authentication methods as part of 2FA, biometric authentication can substantially improve access security.
Ethical Concerns Related to Biometric Authentication
The use of biometrics raises multiple ethical concerns 鈥� bias being one of them. As many biometric systems have been developed and trained using white male subjects, the systems have a built-in prejudice that makes it more difficult to identify women and people of color. In one study, multiple facial recognition technologies misidentified Black and Asian faces more often.
There are also concerns around privacy, and how biometric data is being shared and used. Is it acceptable for businesses to sell or share their biometric data with others, such as law enforcement or immigration enforcement agencies? The regulatory landscape around privacy protections for biometric user data continues to evolve in response to these concerns, which is an important thing for companies to pay attention to when rolling out a biometric system.
Biometric Authentication Use Cases
Identity Management
ID authentication systems are built to increase security for enterprises and to handle high-volume transaction rates where time is of the essence. As an example, this type of system can be used to prevent unauthorized access into a company’s database or network, or even identify known criminals trying to enter a country through border crossings.
Passwordless Authentication
Passwordless authentication is big with companies like Google and Facebook who believe we should move beyond passwords and embrace other methods such as biometrics (e.g., fingerprint scanners) and smart tokens like Apple Pay or Samsung Pay to limit the opportunity for fraudsters using stolen credit card information online. Passwordless multi-factor authentication has been one of the biggest stepping stones to create a fully passwordless security environment.
Sensitive Data Access
To prevent unintentional data access (or data theft), many companies are exploring the use of biometrics to limit the number of individuals with access to sensitive documents. Not only does this help prevent unintentional data breaches, but it can also be an invaluable tool for meeting compliance standards, such as PCI Section 8.
Real-World Biometric Security Examples
Banking and Financial Services
Financial institutions are employing biometrics as part of MFA (multi-factor authentication) or 2FA to safeguard both the bank and its customers from account takeover assaults.
Many countries such as Brazil, India, and Mexico have begun using fingerprints instead of passwords when making electronic payments on mobile banking applications or online shopping websites.
The use of biometrics is becoming more common with banks and other financial institutions around the world for secure money transfers and international transactions.
Healthcare
Biometrics, including fingerprint readers, iris scanners, and facial recognition, can help hospitals verify a patient鈥檚 identity. This helps ensure caregivers have access to the proper patient medical information, and more.
Travel and Hospitality
Facial recognition is becoming more widespread. Airlines and airports are giving their passengers the option to check in using facial recognition technology. Hotels and hospitality businesses are also beginning to utilize biometric identification for self-check-in.
Law Enforcement and Public Security
Biometric authentication, such as facial recognition and fingerprint scanners, has been used to identify criminals and suspects for many years. Over the last couple of years, this technology has also been introduced into schools to help protect students from intruders.
Military
In the world’s militaries, biometric identification is used to keep track of soldiers in the field and in barracks. Fingerprint scanners and facial recognition software are often used when troops arrive or depart duty stations. This type of technology can also be used to identify enemy combatants on the battlefield.
Border Control, Travel, and Immigration
In many different types of travel situations, biometrics are used to control access. For those going through customs at airports and other border crossings, fingerprint scanners have become a popular way to ensure that international travelers have permission to be in a specific country legally.
How to Protect Biometric Data
With so many widespread uses of biometric authentication, it’s essential that we all do our part to protect the biometric data and the resources someone with that data has access to. This means using MFA to verify that only the correct user is signing into certain digital accounts 鈥� MFA is an incredibly secure way to protect your assets. While a hacker may have one factor (a password), it鈥檚 highly unlikely that they will also have the correct fingerprint handy.
Other ways to protect biometric data as an organization:
- Anti-spoofing technology to keep bad actors from tricking the system.
- Patching systems and keeping software up-to-date at all times.
- Forcing the use of strong internal passwords.
- Implementing robust cybersecurity systems and practices.
Ways to protect biometric data as an individual:
- Only share your biometrics with organizations you completely trust, and don鈥檛 share it with very many.
- Make sure the proper cybersecurity measures to protect your data are in place up front.
- Create strong passwords that are associated with your biometrics in any way 鈥� create as many barriers as possible between a hacker and your data.
The Future of Biometric Authentication
The global market for biometric authentication was estimated to be worth $27.09 billion in 2020 and is expected to balloon to a value of .
Experts attribute the growth of biometrics technology primarily to government initiatives that are intended to improve security while speeding up border crossings at airports and reducing fraud in social welfare programs.
India’s Aadhaar project is one of the largest biometric technology implementations in the world, and a great example of the benefits and challenges that come along with this type of authentication.
The Aadhaar project is an unprecedented effort to collect the fingerprints, iris scans, and other personal data of all 1.2 billion residents in India for use by government agencies. The program’s stated purpose is to streamline social welfare delivery systems, and it has saved the Indian government as much as .
However, many Indians are apprehensive about its potential for abuse. There has been much debate throughout the country on whether Aadhaar is truly secure from hacking and if it effectively protects people鈥檚 privacy. It has also raised an important question globally: should any public or private entity
Despite the questions about the ethics of biometrics, one thing is abundantly clear: biometric authentication is here to stay. The improved security and convenience it provides are too valuable to ignore.
